Fig. 4: Electrochemical performance of Li || Si nanowire anodes at a current density of 50 µA cm−2.

a Galvanostatic charge/discharge and, b the corresponding dQ/dV vs. voltage profiles at the 10th and 100th cycles of pristine Si nanowires. c Galvanostatic charge/discharge and, d the corresponding dQ/dV vs. voltage profiles at the 10th and 100th cycles of pre-lithiated Si nanowires. Numbers 1–4 in galvanostatic charge/discharge curves mark the shoulders that correspond to the peaks in dQ/dV vs. voltage curves, each indicates different electrochemical activities.