Table 1 Different fibrous proteins, their spinning conditions and several spinning techniques
From: Bioinspired and biomimetic protein-based fibers and their applications
Protein | Origin | Spinning technique | Solvent | Fiber size | Mechanical properties | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spider silk | ||||||
Spider silk | Recombinant natural (T. clavata)199 | Electrospinning | HFIP FA Aqueous buffer HFIP | 100 nm–500 nm | 8.6 MPa | Wound dressing198, Drug delivery99, Textiles197 |
Recombinant Recombinant (E. australis)85 | Wet-spinning | Aqueous buffer | 15 µm–40 µm | 10 MPa–834 MPa | n.a. | |
Recombinant (T. clavipes)119 | Microfluidics | Aqueous buffer | 10 µm–20 µm | 62.3 MPa | n.a. | |
Silkworm silk | ||||||
Silkworm silk | Regenerated fibroins (from cocoons) | Electrospinning | HFIP Water | 0.5 µm–2.9 µm | 0.331 MPa–0.409 MPa | Cell culture, Tissue engineering199, Photocatalysis200 |
Microfluidics | Aqueous buffer Water | 5 µm–45 µm | 590 MPa | Cargo carriage201 | ||
Dry-spinning | FA Aqueous buffer | 10 µm–17 µm | 20 MPa–359 MPa | High performance fiber134, | ||
Silk (silk yarn of 14 natural silk filaments) | No information | Wet-spinning | FA | 10 µm–100 µm | 59.4 MPa–126.0 MPa | Water management, Textiles204 |
Keratin | ||||||
Keratin | Extracted (pig nails) | Electrospinning | HFIP Chloroform-DMF | 200 nm–800 nm | 24.7 MPa–70.1 MPa | Binding of metal ions205, Bone tissue engineering171 |
Feathers206 | Wet-spinning | Ionic liquid Water LiBr | 80 µm–200 µm | 1.1 MPa–142.4 MPa | n.a. | |
Collagen | ||||||
Collagen | Regenerated (fish scale) | Electrospinning | 75 vol % Ethanol and 30 mM HCl HFIP | 100 nm–200 nm | 6.72 MPa | Cell culture207, |
Regenerated (calf skin, fish skin) | Wet-spinning | 0.25 wt% AcOH, 95.75 wt% water DMSO or TFA | 55 µm–97 µm | 2.07 MPa–161 MPa | Tissue engineering210, Wound dressing211, Dental tissue repair69 | |
Regenerated (rat tail, calf skin) | Microfluidics | Aqueous buffer Acetic acid | 3 µm–200 µm | 6.1 MPa–701 MPa | Tendon repair91, Suture179, Cell culture212 | |
recombinant (tobacco plant) | Wet-spinning | 10% Polyethylene glycol in 10 mM HCl | 10 µm–35 µm | 150 MPa | Cell culture213 | |
Elastin | ||||||
Elastin | Recombinant (human) | Electrospinning | HFIP | 600 nm–2 µm | 146 kPa–116 kPa | Dermal replacement214, Muscle regeneration62, Tissue engineering64 |
No information | Microfluidics | Aqueous buffer | 5 µm–6 µm | No information | 3D Cell culture215 | |
Silk-Elastin-like proteins | Recombinant | Wet-spinning | FA | 20 µm–50 µm | 20 MPa–80 MPa | Tissue engineering65 |
