Fig. 4: Influence of ultrasonic treatment on melt pool and keyhole geometry.

a Keyhole depth, b Keyhole aspect ratios (keyhole depth divided by fixed laser beam diameter of 80 μm), c Melt pool depths, and d Melt pool aspect ratios (melt pool width divided by depth based on measurements from X-ray images) with and without sonication. Red plain line shows measurements without sonication while black line with circular markers shows measurements with sonication.