Fig. 6: Impact of cannulation on tissue formation.

Histological evaluation on representative transverse sections of the center part of the grafts, explanted at 12 weeks, with the native carotid artery as control, stained with H&E (A), Masson’s Trichrome (B, C) (cytoplasm (pink), Muscle fibers (red), collagen (blue), and nuclei (dark blue). Wall thickness in mm (C), with the wall thickness of the graft implant (0.6 mm) represented by a dashed line. Stress (MPA) / Strain plot of ring test displacement (D) and stress at 50% strain (E). Non-cannulated (−)(n = 2), Cannulated (+)(n = 5), Carotid Artery (C)(n = 12). Scale bars 100 μm. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s post-hoc (C, E).