Fig. 6: Spectrometry-based characterization of MAX phases and MXenes.

A Surface chemistry and crystallinity analysis of MAX phase, MXenes, and MQDs. (a) XRD spectra of Ti₃AlC₂ MAX Phase, multi-layered Ti₃C₂ MXene, and Ti₃C₂ MQDs. (b) FT-IR spectra of Ti₃AlC₂, Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, and Ti₃C₂T_x MQDs. (c) Full Scan and (d) High-resolution XPS spectra of Ti 2p for Ti₃C₂ MQDs (Reprinted (adapted) with permission from ref. ¹⁰⁴ © 2021, American Chemical Society). B Influence of etching solutions and intercalants/delamination methods on vibrational modes of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene analyzed using Raman Spectroscopy. Deconvolution was carried out using the Voigt function in WiRE 3.0 software, and for every deconvoluted spectrum shown, a matrix of 100 spectra was collected and consolidated statistically. Raman spectra of (a) clay and multilayer Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes. (b) Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes etched with different concentrations of HF (c) Ti₃C₂T_x MXenes synthesis using different etchants and intercalation methods, where for HF-HCl and Lif/HCl etchants, Li ions were intercalated, and for the HF etchant, TMAOH was used as an intercalant. (d) Raman spectrum of Ti₃C₂T_x flakes with size = 100 nm, etched with HF-HCl and filtered into a film (Reprinted (adapted) with permission from ref. ¹⁰⁸, © 2020, American Chemical Society).