Fig. 5: Environmental and economic considerations for REE extraction processes. | Communications Materials

Fig. 5: Environmental and economic considerations for REE extraction processes.

From: Sustainable rare earth extraction from phytomining by rapid electrothermal calcination

Fig. 5: Environmental and economic considerations for REE extraction processes.

a Process design comparison of REC, FC, EDTA, and HC scenarios for LCA and TEA analysis. b Terrestrial acidification comparison. c Human toxicity comparison. d Climate change comparison utilizing Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis with N = 50,000 iterations. e Freshwater eutrophication comparison utilizing Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis with N = 50,000 iterations. f Operating expenditure (OPEX) comparison utilizing Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis with N = 50,000 iterations. g Comprehensive performance comparison. The scale bars in (b, c) denote the standard deviation based on Monte Carlo analyses.

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