Fig. 10: Energy harvesting from water flow and droplets via piezoelectric transduction.
From: Small-scale water energy harvesting for sustainably-powered distributed electronics
a High-speed camera snapshots (frame rate = 1200fps) capturing the motion of a standard V2IBL actuator within a flow harvester at a flow rate of 14 L/min(left), and a photo of the Armored (2 and 5 mil) QuickPack (QP21B) cantilevers with steel shim(right). Reproduced with permission from ref. 39. Copyright 2015, SPIE. b Schematic of the experimental setup (left), alongside an illustration depicting the interaction between PVDF chain and the MXene nanosheet (right). Reproduced with permission from ref. 40. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. c Top-view schematic and image showing the motion of PVDF NFs with flowing droplets or bubbles(top), and the output voltage and input pressure curve(bottom). Reproduced with permission from ref. 41. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. d The oscillating motion of a droplet causes continuous bending of the piezocantilever generating electricity(left), and the experimental results show the bending displacement of voltage output of the piezocantilever actuated by acoustically oscillating droplets at various frequencies and distances(right). Reproduced with permission from ref. 42. Copyright 2015, Elsevier. A. Physical. e Schematic diagram of the piezoelectric beam on moment before impact (top) and after impact(right). Reproduced with permission from ref. 43. Copyright 2017, SAGE. f Model of the substrate structure (left) and snapshots at different impact velocity, showing rebounding height of droplet with an impact velocity of 1.5 m/s and splash of droplet with an impact velocity of 2.55 m/s under the film tension effect (right). Reproduced with permission from ref. 44. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
