Fig. 14: Energy harvesting driven by ice and snow.

a Schematic diagram of snow triboelectric nanogenerator (snow-TENG), featuring the surface composed of UV-curable silicone and SEM image showing micropattern at various magnifications with scale bars of 100 μm and 50 μm respectively(top). Snow-TENG at different stretching conditions(bottom). b Schematic illustration of snow-TENG tapping testing setup, which includes a vertical linear motor, snow layer and fabricated snow-TENG device, along with the measured open circuit voltage and short-circuit density during tapping conditions. c Photograph of a snow-TENG device unit mounted on a bicycle with recorded open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current density during sliding operation. a–c Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁹⁶. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. d Traditional solar and wind power generator used in Ice environment(top). Power output of the Seebeck generator prototype device in ice water under quiescent conditions(bottom). Reproduced with permission from ref. ³³². Copyright 2011, Elsevier. e Overview of principle behind thermoelectric technology (top left). Power of RTEGS under different conditions of road surface, flowing water temperature and flowing water velocity (bottom left). RTEGS technology based on Seebeck effect, including (i) Pavement-subgrade RTEGs, (ii) Pavement-ambient RTEGS, and (iii) Pavement-flowing water RTEGS(right).Reproduced with permission from ref. ³³³. Copyright 2023, Elsevier.