Fig. 5: Climate variability over the last millennium.
From: Past megadroughts in central Europe were longer, more severe and less warm than modern droughts
a Regional mean Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) PDSI index21 for central Europe (3°E-20°E, 45°N-56°N, black line) for the 1000–2012 period and the instrumental50 June through August scPDSI (solid red line) for the 1901–2018 period; (b) Time series of annual total solar irradiance63; (c) Aerosol optical depth (AOD)64; (d) δ18O (T. quinqueloba) measurements of planktonic foraminifera as a proxy for changes in the surface hydrography of the eastern Labrador Sea over the last millenium65; (e) Reconstructed Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index (AMO)66 and (f) as in (e) but based on tree rings48.
