Fig. 1: Summary of eruption and sampling locations.
a Map of the final extent of the 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption lava flows (red area, including extension of pre-LERZ coastline, adapted from Neal et al.44) and plume sampling locations during this study. The yellow star marks the location of the Leilani Community Association, where UAS (Unoccupied Aircraft System) flights into the magmatic plume were launched. White triangles mark the locations from which UAS flights to sample the laze plume were launched (Mackenzie State Recreation Area is marked by a smaller triangle as the sample launched here (9_1) was more distal and saturated, and was therefore excluded from the discussion—see Supplementary Note 1). During the July–August 2018 campaign, we sampled the laze plume, which at that time was being released from the Isaac Hale Park area. Inset map of Island of Hawai’i with locations of Kīlauea summit (S), Pu′u ′Ō′ō̄ (P) and Fissure 8 (F8). b Aerial image (U.S. Geological Survey: USGS) of Fissure 8 and the magmatic plume, taken on 24 July 2018 during a sampling flight, looking ~SE. UAS sampling of the magmatic plume was carried out ~300 m above the active vent. The cylindrical filter pack symbol (Fig. S1) marks the approximate location of ground-based sampling. c Aerial image (USGS) of the ocean entry and laze plume taken during a flight from Mackenzie State Recreation Area on 24 July 2018, looking ~NE. UAS sampling of the laze plume was carried out ~100 m above the ocean entry.
