Fig. 3: Curtain plot of ammonium balance and pH from observations and models average.

Curtain plots of NH4_Bal (ammonium balance; a–f) and pH (g–l) for observations (a–c and f–h) and model (d–f and i–l) for Pacific Ocean (ATom-1 and -2), Atlantic Ocean (ATom-1 and -2), and above continents (other campaigns). Campaigns and their coordinates are listed in Supplemental Table 2. For ammonium balance, the model results are the averages of 9 CTMs (chemical transport models; Supplemental Table 4); whereas, for the pH, the model results are the averages of 3 CTMs that calculate pH on-line (Supplemental Table 4).