Table 2 Ambient conditions and engine settings during contrail measurement sequences.

From: Cleaner burning aviation fuels can reduce contrail cloudiness

Contrail measurement conditions

Ref 2

SSF1

SAF1

SAF2

Contrail age (s)

39–132

48–134

53–140

41–116

Sampling time (s)

482

280

284

119

Ambient RHI (%)

115-25 (±7)

108–15 (±10)

120 (±4)

110 (±5)

Ambient T (K)

215 (±0.5)

220 (±0.5)

218 (±0.5)

216 (±0.5)

T difference to SAC (K)

−9.0 (±0.5)

−4.9 (±0.5)

−5.9 (±0.5)

−8.0 (±0.5)

Altitude of source aircraft (m)

10670 (±5)

10364 (±3)

9726 (±3)

9656 (±2)

Fuel flow (kg/h) per engine

1180 (±30)

820 (±44)

1132 (±25)

1091 (±20)

N1 (%) thrust setting

81 (±1)

71 (±1)

77 (±0.6)

77 (±0.6)

Speed of source aircraft (Mach)

0.65 (±0.02)

0.58 (±0.01)

0.76 (±0.01)

0.76 (±0.01)

  1. Measurement conditions for contrails with ages between 39 and 140 s at ambient RHI > 100%. The contrails had formed on emissions from the A320 burning the reference fuel Ref2, the semisynthetic jet fuel blend SSF1 or the sustainable aviation fuel blend SAF1 or SAF2. Ambient temperature at the altitude of the source aircraft (± instrumental uncertainty) and the temperature difference to the Schmidt-Appleman threshold temperature for contrail formation (SAC); the relative humidity with respect to ice determined with a frost point hygrometer for Ref2 and SSF1 (ECLIF-1) and with the diode laser hygrometer DLH for SAF1 and SAF2 (ECLIF2/ND-MAX) and their range ±50 m from the flight level. Fuel flow and thrust settings in % fan speed N1 with arithmetic standard deviation (± a.s.d.), speed of the aircraft with absolute deviations.