Fig. 2: Mean dynamic topography/sea surface height (SSH, m) at northern high latitudes.

a Satellite observed (OBS) mean dynamic topography. b Mean SSH from robust diagnostic calculation (RDC). c Mean SSH from control simulation (MODEL). All are referenced to their own averages over the domain (80°W-20°E, 30°−80°N) and serve as streamlines of mean surface geostrophic circulation.