Fig. 5: Illustration of the effects of cloud ice fraction on the lightning activities.
From: Cloud ice fraction governs lightning rate at a global scale
The three clouds from left to right represent Group-1, Group-2, and Group-3, respectively. Group-1, 2, and 3 are the thunderstorms with mostly liquid clouds, the thunderstorms with strong lightning density, and the thunderstorms with mostly ice clouds, respectively. The curve indicates the modified gamma function, which parameterizes the relationship between the lightning flash rate and the cloud ice fraction.
