Fig. 3: Comparative change in species richness (sum of vascular plant, earthworm, spider and bee species) by aiming at a 10% production increase in organic and non-organic systems of ten European farmland regions (brown: arable crops, mixed systems, and horticulture, bright green: grassland, violet: permanent crops).
From: An increase in food production in Europe could dramatically affect farmland biodiversity
Net loss and gain of species (sum of vascular plant, earthworm, spider and bee species) by conversion of semi-natural habitats to production fields to achieve 10% more production than the non-organic level for non-organic systems (blue bars) and for organic systems (orange bars). Exclamation marks indicate a total conversion of semi-natural habitats without reaching 10% production increase. Species loss and gain are derived from sample size based extrapolation (Methods). Confidence intervals (95%) are the sum over the confidence intervals of the four species groups.
