Fig. 1: Speleothem δ18O records from AM and SAM monsoon domains.
From: Onset and termination of Heinrich Stadial 4 and the underlying climate dynamics
a–e Speleothem δ18O records from Hulu (MSL) (dark blue—this study; red—from the previous study38), Mawmluh (MWS-2)39, Zhangjia (ZJD171) (this study) and Wulu (Wulu-30, this study)40 caves in the AM domain. e–j Speleothem δ18O records from El-Condor (ELC-B)12, Paraiso (PAR27 and PAR15, this study)14, Lapa Sem Fim (LSF13, gray and orange curves: low and high-resolution data, this study)41, Toca da Boa Vista (TBV5 (red): this study; TBV40 (dark blue)42), and Toca da Barriguda (TBR10-13: this study)42,43 caves in the SAM domain. Cave locations are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. Error bars show U-Th dates (2σ) for each record. The Hulu (MSL) chronology is based on the previous study38 and the error bar depicts the typical uncertainty. Two vertical dashed lines depict the initial onset of CS4/SAS4 at 40.20 ± 0.08 ky BP and initial CS4 termination at 38.34 ± 0.07 ky BP, respectively. Vertical dark gray bars show the uncertainties. Blue diamonds show the initial onset and termination points determined directly based on the Method 1.
