Fig. 3: Stable isotope and LA-ICP-MS data of MA1 between 4.5 and 0.6 kyrs BP combined with the geochemistry of incorporated volcanic glass and its alteration products.

a δ18O and δ13C records25 of the MA1 stalagmite combined with concentrations of S, P, U, Sr, and Zr. 14C-ages of tephra layers from Late Holocene eruptions of volcanoes of the Southern and Austral Andean Volcanic Zone3 are indicated. Orange bars highlight times with compositional trace element peaks at 4.216, 2.978, 2.291, and 0.853 kyrs BP. The section labeled with n.a. has not been analyzed. b–d EPMA analyses of volcanic glass and glass alteration products detected in MA1 together with single-glass shard and bulk tephra data from regional tephrostratigraphic marker horizons5,7,8,13,36.