Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of flood impact on the transportation network.
From: Modest flooding can trigger catastrophic road network collapse due to compound failure
a Transportation network abstraction from roads to a graph with 19 links in total. b Transportation network in flooding (structural failure only, gray solid line). Low-elevation roads (five links) are flooded and marked as gray. The fourteen red links represent roads that are still connected to the giant component. c Transportation network in degraded service (i.e., congested) condition (functional failure only). Congestion here is defined as the link quality drops below the critical threshold. When certain roads are congested (six links with cars), they are considered to have low service quality, and their corresponding links (gray links) are removed from the giant component. d Transportation network under both structural and functional failures. The congested (low link quality) and flooded roads (six congested and five inundated) are marked as gray and removed from the network. The four black links represent the roads that are neither flooded nor congested but detached from the giant component.
