Fig. 5: Spatial distribution of network failures in the afternoons with threshold q = 0.8.
From: Modest flooding can trigger catastrophic road network collapse due to compound failure
The same weekday (Monday) and time (16:00) are selected for the illustration. a Transportation network before Harvey in which functional failure (yellow line) is the leading cause of network connectivity loss. b When Hurricane Harvey landed, flooding (i.e., structural failure in red line) exacerbated the functional failure (i.e., travel speed reduction) and topological failure (black line), leading to large-scale network fragmentation (i.e., giant component reduction in blue line). c Immediate post-Harvey recovery with part of transportation network remaining flooded. d Transportation network long-term recovery after Harvey.
