Fig. 5: Typical weekly variations in ground temperature, stress, and unfrozen water content, and the VdW-induced water speeds within Chena silt permafrost with Ca(Mg)SO4 water chemistry. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 5: Typical weekly variations in ground temperature, stress, and unfrozen water content, and the VdW-induced water speeds within Chena silt permafrost with Ca(Mg)SO4 water chemistry.

From: Improved prediction of the vertical distribution of ground ice in Arctic-Antarctic permafrost sediments

Fig. 5: Typical weekly variations in ground temperature, stress, and unfrozen water content, and the VdW-induced water speeds within Chena silt permafrost with Ca(Mg)SO4 water chemistry.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Weekly variation measured from the spring equinox in a ground temperature, b stress deviations in permafrost, c unfrozen water content, d, e maximum water speeds induced by VdW forces in 30 m Chena silt permafrost with Ca(Mg)SO4 water chemistry, and f profiles of annual averages water speed from REGO forces and VdW forces up to 30 m depth. Numerical simulation was performed for mean annual ground surface temperature of –5 °C, amplitude of 5 °C, and thermal diffusivity of 62 m2 yr−1. Table 3 lists values used in the WATEREGO simulation.

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