Fig. 5: Typical weekly variations in ground temperature, stress, and unfrozen water content, and the VdW-induced water speeds within Chena silt permafrost with Ca(Mg)SO4 water chemistry.

Weekly variation measured from the spring equinox in a ground temperature, b stress deviations in permafrost, c unfrozen water content, d, e maximum water speeds induced by VdW forces in 30 m Chena silt permafrost with Ca(Mg)SO4 water chemistry, and f profiles of annual averages water speed from REGO forces and VdW forces up to 30 m depth. Numerical simulation was performed for mean annual ground surface temperature of –5 °C, amplitude of 5 °C, and thermal diffusivity of 62 m2 yr−1. Table 3 lists values used in the WATEREGO simulation.