Fig. 3: Oxygen isotopes recording humidity changes during the early to middle Holocene Humid Period (HHP) across the Eastern Mediterranean to Southern Arabia regions.
From: The unexpectedly short Holocene Humid Period in Northern Arabia
a Summer insolation at 30°N81, duration of the HHP sensu ref. 18 (grey), the low-latitude dry anomaly48 (yellow), and the 8.2 ka cold event in Greenland ice cores82 (white bar); b speleothem δ18O from Jeita cave (Lebanon)28, and c Soreq cave (Israel)26,27, with the timing of sapropel formation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and excess winter rain in the Southern Levant51; d δ18Ocarb from the Tayma palaeolake (this study); e δ18OG. ruber reflecting temperature, and calculated salinity changes from the Northern Red Sea (GeoB 5844-2)13; f frequency histograms of lake records reflecting wet or moderately wet conditions in the East African Summer Monsoon domain >30°E18; g speleothem δ18O from Qunf cave (Oman)29. All δ18O scales are reversed to reflect higher humidity upwards. Palaeoclimate sites are shown in Fig. 1a.
