Fig. 4: Conceptual model.
From: Turbulence-induced bubble nucleation in hydrothermal fluids beneath Yellowstone Lake
A A flow instability generated by the interaction of the hydrothermal fluid with the sediment matrix (e.g., a flowpath constriction), momentarily depressurizes the fluid, triggering the nucleation of a CO2 bubble in the saturated fluid with pre-existing microbubbles (B). The bubble oscillates at its natural frequency before dissolving into the under-saturated lake water or rising to the lake surface (C).
