Fig. 1: Anomalously warm summer in 2017.
From: Warm surface waters increase Antarctic ice shelf melt and delay dense water formation
a Distribution of sea surface temperature (SST)26 anomaly in February 2017. Active polynyas (climatological sea ice production above 10 m yr−1 51) are shown in blue. Model-based melt rate anomaly in 2017 (relative to the 1979–2019 climatology) is shown for the Amery Ice Shelf and Publications Ice Shelf. b, e, h Vertical profiles of potential temperature from summer hydrography b in the Cape Darnley Polynya (CDP), e at the shelf break off CDP, and h in front of Amery Ice Shelf. Red solid line denotes the station average in February 2017 shown by red dots in a, and the gray solid line denotes the station average in February during 2010–2020 shown by all dots in a, respectively. Profiles are first averaged for each year, and then averaged for all years. Gray error bar indicates the standard deviation of the multiple years. c, f Vertical profiles of oxygen isotope ratio and d, g profiles of glacial meltwater fraction (c, d) off CDP and (f, g) at the shelf break off CDP. The upper-bound and lower-bound of the meltwater fraction in d, g were derived from the oxygen isotope endmember of iceberg and ice-core, respectively, and the solid line denotes their average.
