Fig. 1: Ecosystem functions and their indicators in cropland agroforestry and open cropland, measured at three sites in Germany.
From: Multifunctionality of temperate alley-cropping agroforestry outperforms open cropland and grassland
Each indicator is z-standardized: (actual value − mean value across replicate plots and sites)/standard deviation. Standardized values were inverted (inv.) for indicators of which high values signify undesirable effect (i.e., grain pathogen abundance, soil greenhouse gas fluxes, nutrient leaching, wind speed). The black horizontal line indicates the mean of the standardized values of the indicators for a specific ecosystem function. Boxplots indicate the 25th quartile, median and 75th quartile, and whiskers are 1.5 times the interquartile range. Mean, standard error and N values of indicators are given in Supplementary Table 4. For each ecosystem function, different letters indicate significant differences between cropland agroforestry and open cropland (linear mixed effects models at P ≤ 0.05; Supplementary Table 5).
