Fig. 7: CO₂ and N₂O airborne measurements and reconstructed CO₂ and N₂O (case S1).

Vertical profiles of CO₂ a and N₂O b airborne measurements (research flights F01-F08; HAGAR; light grey) are reconstructed using ground-based measurements from different sites in Asia and the Pacific indicated by different colours (locations of the different sites are shown in Fig. 2). CO₂ mixing ratios from ground-based measurements are prescribed at the time when each trajectory reach the model BL and subsequently passively transported along each trajectory to the location of the measurement (details see Methods). The reconstructed CO₂ values are shown as median in 1 K intervals (based on trajectories started every one second along the flight path). The seasonal variability of CO₂ ground-based measurements is visible in the vertical profile of reconstructed CO₂. Trajectories that do not reach the model BL until the beginning of the monsoon season 2016 on 1 June 2016 (i.e., air from the free atmosphere; mainly from the stratospheric background) are not considered here.