Fig. 3: Projected weakening of the AMOC upper limb from 34∘S to 26.5∘N.

a–d Transbasin meridional velocity profiles (1920–2100 mean) at 34∘S, 24.5∘S, 6.5∘S and 26.5∘N, respectively. Red (blue) represents mean northward (southward) velocities. e–h Hovmoller diagrams of zonally integrated meridional velocity anomalies along transbasin sections corresponding to a–d. Blue (red) represents negative/southward (positive/northward) anomalies. The gray filled contour marks the 1920–2100 evolution of the zero meridional velocity line that delimits the lower limit of the AMOC upper limb. The upper 100-m of Hovmoller diagrams are not shown since it reflects near-surface dynamics within the Ekman layer, which are out of our scope.