Fig. 5: Poleward shift of the western SASG center.

1920–2100 mean zonal velocities (background colors): (a) at the zonal-meridional plane, averaged over the upper 985-m; b–e and along depth at 40^∘W, 30^∘W, 20^∘W and 5^∘W, respectively. a–e The mean zero zonal velocity line is shown for: 1920–2100 (black filled contour), 1920–1970 (blue dotted contour) and 2080–2100 (red dotted contour); gray filled contours show its annual evolution along 1920–2100. Vertical dashed lines in a correspond to the locations where vertical profiles are shown in b–e as well as to where time series of the zero zonal velocity line were derived at 100-m depth – shown in f. The value corresponding to the first time step (1920) of each time series is indicated, while the y-axis varies in 0.2^∘-latitude intervals (increasing from south to north, thus sign convention is negative downwards for a southward migration of the zero zonal velocity line). The gray dashed vertical line indicates the transition from the historical (1920–2005) to the RCP8.5 (2006–2100) period.