Fig. 3: Bottom-up optimization outcomes for national policy demands of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity.

a Difference between harvest demands for EU climate change mitigation targets (1p5 and NDC, see Fig. 2) and forecasted harvests under national policy scenarios by assortments. Bars below the black line indicate that the demand for that assortment is not met (an exceed of sawlogs could be used to alleviate an under-production of pulp- & fuelwood and residues, e.g., Finland). b Forecasted harvests by management classes. The bars in both plots, a and b represent mean values over the planning horizon. The red dashed line in b represents the average harvest demand of each mitigation target, NFS stands for national forest strategy, BDS for biodiversity strategy, BES for bioeconomy strategy. Note variable scaling of y-axis.