Fig. 3: Differences of stability and its components among ecosystems.

Differences among ecosystems in temporal stability (a), detrended temporal stability (b) and their components, mean of NDVI (c), standard deviation of NDVI (d) and detrended standard deviation of NDVI (e) are shown. The upper side of the box indicates the upper quartile, the lower side indicates the lower quartile, the black horizontal line represents the median, and the black dot represents the mean. Colored scatter indicates samples from alpine meadows (n = 34), deserts (n = 20), shrubs (n = 19), and steppes (n = 70). The results of Kruskal–Wallis test between groups are marked in the figure, and different letter marks indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).