Fig. 2: STEPS—cold-based clouds: hydrometeor profile and surface precipitation.

Temperature-resolved conditionally averaged over cloudy regions of: a mass mixing ratio (MMR) and b number mixing ratio (NMR) of graupel with corresponding warm (red line) and cold (blue line) components; c mass and d number mixing ratios of rain plotted similarly; e ice (orange) and snow (brown) mass mixing ratio; f ice (light blue) and snow (magenta) number mixing ratio; and g cloud water number mixing ratio (purple) for the STEPS case (cold-based convective clouds at ~1 °C) control simulation using AC during 2345 UTC 19 June–0215 UTC 20 June 2000 (except without first hour of simulation). Also shown is the STEPS case control simulation of the accumulated precipitation (mm) for h the entire domain (total mesoscale region) with all clouds and corresponding components from i convective (and adjacent clear sky) and j stratiform cloudy regions during 2345 UTC 19 Jun–0215 UTC 20 Jun 2000. Note that the yellow and gray shading boxes in (a–g) display the peak values of different hydrometeor profiles. The lightest yellow represents the peak value in mass mixing ratios of a graupel and c rain. The medium and darkest yellow shaded boxes show the peak value in mass mixing ratio of cold and warm components of a graupel and c rain, respectively. Similarly, the lightest gray color indicates the peak value in the number mixing ratio of b graupel and d rain (and their cold components), while the darkest gray color is for their warm components. e The peak value of ice and snow mass mixing ratios is highlighted by medium yellow. f The peak value of ice and snow number mixing ratios is indicated by medium and darkest gray shaded boxes, respectively. g The peak in water number mixing ratio is also indicated by medium gray shaded box.