Fig. 4: Land-atmosphere coupling strength (ISM-T) in CMIP6 model.
From: Anthropogenic warming has exacerbated droughts in southern Europe since the 1850s
The land-atmosphere coupling strength (a) calculated from ensemble means of 9 CMIP6 models between 1850–2019 CE, driven by natural-only forcing (NAT), greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, and historical (ALL) forcing, and correlation coefficients between modeled sensible heat flux and atmospheric temperature (b). The ISM-T is the land-atmosphere coupling strength based on the correlations between soil moisture and sensible heat flux, and the standard deviation of temperature (see Methods). The asterisk in a indicates that the land-atmosphere coupling strength differences between NAT forcing and GHG/ALL forcing are significant at 95% confidence level based on ANOVA analysis. The asterisk in b indicates the correlation coefficients exceed the 99% confidence level.
