Fig. 3: Co-variability of ecosystem properties with surface albedo αs, averaged per site.

a fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fAPAR, b fraction of non-reflected incoming radiation SWnet used for photosynthesis EGPP, c canopy height hc, and d canopy height scaled ecosystem respiration Reco versus αs across all sites. Background shadings show the difference between actual bivariate kernel density and expectations from univariate distributions for unrelated variables as in Fig. 1f (units of colour map: inverse of the units of the y axis of each subpanel). Spearman correlations for panels a–d are −0.48, −0.23, −0.73 and 0.66, respectively (all significant at p = 0.05). Further scatterplots with potential covariates are given in Supplementary Fig. 6.