Fig. 5: Holocene Asian monsoon extreme hydroclimate events and related forcing. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 5: Holocene Asian monsoon extreme hydroclimate events and related forcing.

From: Holocene extreme hydroclimate events in the Asian monsoon region were more frequent during cooler intervals

Fig. 5

a Extreme hydroclimate events derived from the change in lake level at Lake XMLT in the South Asian monsoon region (ocean blue line, this study) and IRMsoft-flux of Hesang cave in the East Asian monsoon region (green line)21. Note that extreme hydroclimate events are opposed between East Asian monsoon and South Asian monsoon in the axis of ordinates. b Holocene Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) change is indicated by the temperature gradient (ΔT) between surface sea temperature (SST) and thermocline temperature (TT) in western Sumatra, Indian Ocean50. The higher ΔT indicates a positive IOP-like state (pIOD). c ENSO changes are indicated by events per 100 y from sedimentation record in Laguna Pallcacocha, southern Ecuador (green line)41 and stalagmite δ18O estimates based on the standard deviation of the 2–7 y band in Malaysian Borneo, western Pacific warm pool42. d ENSO changes are indicated by the change in coral δ18O stdev of the 2–7 y band in Line Islands43 and Foraminiferal δ18O variance in V21–30, Eastern Equatorial Pacific45. e Temperature anomaly in the tropics (red line)54 and Asian monsoon intensity from stalagmite δ18O in Dongge cave (green line)12. The vertical band indicates the mid-Holocene warm period.

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