Fig. 3: Influence of wastewater discharges and drivers of N2O emissions in the PRE. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 3: Influence of wastewater discharges and drivers of N2O emissions in the PRE.

From: Wastewater-influenced estuaries are characterized by disproportionately high nitrous oxide emissions but overestimated IPCC emission factor

Fig. 3: Influence of wastewater discharges and drivers of N2O emissions in the PRE.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a N input from wastewater discharge, submarine groundwater, and upstream rivers, and spatial variations of key physicochemical parameters DIN, salinity, and DO. Upward/downward arrow denotes increasing/decreasing trend from upstream to downstream. Detailed spatial distributions of all physicochemical parameters are in Supplementary Fig. 5. b Relationship between N2O concentration and DOC:NO3-N concentration. c Relationship between dissolved N2O concentration and NO3-N concentration. d Relationship between dissolved N2O concentration and NH4-N concentration. e Abundances and significance of spatial differences in ammonia-oxidizing and denitrification genes in the PRE. Symbols “***”, “**”, and “*” denote different significance levels with p-values <0.001, 0.01 and 0.05, respectively. f Linear regression between N2O concentrations and abundances of denitrifying genes (nirS and nirK). g Linear regression between N2O concentrations and abundances of ammonia-oxidizing genes (AOA and AOB amoA). Shaded areas in (b, c, d, f, and g) show the 95% confidence bands.

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