Fig. 3: Modeling result for the preferred broadband source model.

a Comparison between synthetic (red) and observed (black) three-component velocity waveforms for selected stations from around the fault (see Fig. 4a). Waveforms start at the origin time. See Supplementary Fig. S7 for all 100 stations. b Spectral acceleration (SA) modeling bias (Eq. (1)) plotted for individual components as a function of a period (gray lines). Mean and ±1 standard deviation over stations are depicted by red solid and dashed lines, respectively.