Fig. 4: Comparison of synthetic and observed peak ground motions, assuming rotationally independent mean values (GMRotD50³⁴).

a Modeled horizontal peak ground velocities (PGV) interpolated from synthetics at virtual stations (gray points) for the preferred broadband model. The trace of the assumed vertical fault is shown by the black line. Real stations are indicated by triangles color-coded by observed PGV; station names are shown only for those with waveforms in Fig. 3a. b Peak ground displacements (PGD), velocities (PGV), and accelerations (PGA) from horizontal components as a function of azimuth (left) and distance (right). Black and red dots are observed and synthetic values at the real stations, respectively; gray circles correspond to the virtual stations. Black vertical lines in the left panels indicate the SW and NE azimuths of the fault. The ground motion model (GMM) of PGV and PGA (NGA-West2⁷⁰) is plotted as a blue line in the distance-dependent plots for reference.