Fig. 1: Arctic marine heatwave characteristics.
From: Arctic marine heatwaves forced by greenhouse gases and triggered by abrupt sea-ice melt
a Cumulative heat intensity map of the major marine heatwaves (MHWs) in 2007, 2012, 2019, and 2020. b MHWs maximum intensity (gray bars; second Y axes), actual SST in July–September (OISSTv2; JAS; red curve), and reconstructed SST in JAS with net sea surface heat fluxes (Qnet; blue curve). Qnet is driven by changes in shortwave radiation, long-wave radiation, and turbulent heat fluxes. The percent variance of SST variability explained by Qnet is 82%. c Relative Arctic sea ice extent anomalies (blue bars) as a percentage of the 1991–2020 mean, and the detected 11 MHWs maximum intensity over 1982–2021 (red bars; second Y axes). d Linear trend in SST based on OISSTv2 over 1996–2021 in JAS (July–September) in °C/decade, e Changes in the number of days with SST > 95th-%tile of 1983–2012 climatology, over 2001–2021 minus 1982–2000. f Areas where the sea-ice melt onset in 2012 and 2020 coincides with maximum downward radiative fluxes (June/July).
