Fig. 3: The underlying mechanisms of marine heatwaves.
From: Arctic marine heatwaves forced by greenhouse gases and triggered by abrupt sea-ice melt
a marine heatwaves (MHWs) maximum intensity (gray bars; second Y-axis), and percent anomalies in cumulative annual solar heat input ([Frw = Fr(1−α)(1−SIC)]; blue curve). b MHWs maximum intensity (gray bars; second Y-axis), and the rate of early summer (June–July) sea ice melt in km2 day−1 (blue curve). c Net outgoing fluxes (longwave upward (LWup) + sensible heat (SH) + Latent heat (LH)) over 1982–2021 averaged over the red box. d MHWs maximum intensity (gray bars; second Y axes), and anomalies in net downward radiative fluxes in June/July (blue curve). Linear trend over 1996–2021 in e the annual cumulative solar heat input in % decade−1 (Frw = Fr(1−α)(1−SIC)). f The number of open water days (sea ice < 15%; days decade−1). g the outgoing fluxes in October (longwave upward (LWup) + sensible heat (SH) + latent heat (LH)) in W m−2 decade−1. All the time-series are average over the red box in panel c (Arctic marginal Seas).
