Fig. 5: EDC temperature change and atmospheric CO₂ compared to temporal changes in the latitude range of the ACC.

Gray circles represent interpolated a EDC temperature changes⁴⁸ and b CO₂⁷² compared to changes in the latitudinal position of the ACC relative to today reconstructed from ΔSST between MD11-3353 and MD11-3357. Gray dashed line in (a) represents the best-fitting linear model between EDC temperature and ACC latitude. Gray dashed line in (b) represents a linear regression between atmospheric CO₂ and reconstructed ACC latitude change. Filled symbols and lines correspond to the shaded intervals in Fig. 4. Red symbols and arrowed line represent the progression during the late Holocene from 6 ka to 1 ka. Yellow symbols and arrowed line represent the progression during MIS 5d from 116.5 ka to 111.5 ka. Navy symbols and arrowed line represent the progression during MIS 3 from 36.5 ka to 31.5 ka. Open green symbols and arrowed line represent the progression at MIS 5b from 94 ka to 89 ka when obliquity is at maxima. Increased deviation of data from the linear relationship during MIS 2 and MIS 3 in (a) may be due to errors in the reconstructed ACC latitude during millennial scale events which are poorly resolved in the TEX^L₈₆ SST records. Increased deviation of data from the linear relationship during MIS 2–4 in (b) may be due to stronger effects of iron fertilization in the SAZ on CO₂ during these intervals.