Fig. 3: Comparison of geodetic results and seismological observations.

a Seismicity (M > 1) occurring in the January 2000–April 2021 period (events with M>3.5 are reported as stars); the modeled sources (sized according to the estimated volume and colored in red and blue for inflation and deflation phases, respectively; Supplementary Table 1) are also reported. The gray arrows represent the long-term (2004.42–2018.95) GNSS horizontal velocity field with 95% confidence ellipses⁸⁴. b Vertical A-A’ section showing the distribution in depth of seismicity and modeled sources. c Vertical A–A’ section through the DVp time-lapse model²⁷. d Vertical A–A’ section through the DVp/Vs time-lapse model. The purple lines (panels c and d) represent the limit of the resolved volume. Note that the volume of transient low Vp corresponds to the deformation modeled sources defining the magma involved during inflations and deflations. The sources correspond to an area of loss of resolution of the Vp/Vs model because S-waves are strongly attenuated during their travel within the magma-filled volume.