Fig. 4: Pinpointing the source volcanoes of the Icelandic Active Period. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 4: Pinpointing the source volcanoes of the Icelandic Active Period.

From: Decadal-to-centennial increases of volcanic aerosols from Iceland challenge the concept of a Medieval Quiet Period

Fig. 4: Pinpointing the source volcanoes of the Icelandic Active Period.

Major element geochemical glass shard analyses from cryptotephra samples from the B19, TUNU2013, and RECAP ice core across the Icelandic Active Period. Samples have been grouped by event (Hrafnkatla episode, 781 ± 2 CE, and Settlement Layer), as indicated by the legend. All data has been plotted based on (a) magmatic composition- Total Alkali (Na2O + K2O) vs Silica (SiO2)159, and major element bi-plots of (b) FeO/TiO2 vs SiO2 and (c) TiO2 vs Al2O3. Geochemical fields for the Grímsvötn, Katla, Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn, Torfajökull, and Kverkfjöll Icelandic volcanic systems have been constructed based on published data (14,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173). For the Settlement Layer event, published ice core analyses from GRIP35, GISP236, and TUNU201319 are shown for reference. All data have been normalized to 100 % (anhydrous basis). Individual geochemical plots for the Hrafnkatla episode, 781 ± 2 CE, and Settlement Layer events can be found in Supplementary Figs. 2, 5, 6 respectively.

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