Fig. 7: Palaeoenvironmental and proxy records 600–1120 CE. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 7: Palaeoenvironmental and proxy records 600–1120 CE.

From: Decadal-to-centennial increases of volcanic aerosols from Iceland challenge the concept of a Medieval Quiet Period

Fig. 7: Palaeoenvironmental and proxy records 600–1120 CE.

a Surface air temperature (SAT [°C])131 inferred from a δ18O stack (N = 6) of Greenland ice cores with 31-year mean (yellow line). The timing of the Hrafnkatla episode (blue) is shown, alongside the onset of the Medieval Warm Period (red) and the settlement of Iceland and Greenland (green dashed line); b TUNU2013 MSA84 with 31-year mean (yellow line). Outliers have been detected and removed with a threshold of 1.5 times the Interquartile range; c Nile annual low stand70 with 31-year mean (dark blue line), with the lowest 5th percentiles marked by brown circles; d Spannagel cave62,63 (gray line) and Milandre cave (blue line)[this study] speleothem temperature anomalies [°C] with reference to mean annual air temperature (MAAT) across the 600–1120 CE period are shown. Icelandic (red triangles) and NHET (gray triangles) volcanic eruptions during the Icelandic Active Period (yellow) are shown.

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