Fig. 2: Back-trajectories starting at Xi’an for each West China Autumn Precipitation event in 2021 and 2022.

The reanalyses were based on the HYSPLIT model during the West China Autumn Precipitation from October 4th to 16th, 2021 (a) and October 1st to 8th, 2022 (b), respectively. Back-trajectories (120-hour) were computed using the HYSPLIT model44 based on National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data (https://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPxT_traj.php). The contribution of water vapor at 1500 m above ground level (a.g.l.) offers a macroscopic view of vapor movement patterns. The yellow star indicates the sampling site (34.26°N, 108.66°E).