Fig. 3: Illustration of the ATF system.

This visual representation provides a concise overview of the study’s key findings. The primary fault zone, the Alto Tiberina Fault, is depicted in red. It exhibits a high b-value and features background seismicity, indicating a high probability of being independent for seismic events. In contrast, the synthetic and antithetic faults in the hanging wall (the blue ones) exhibit a low b-value and show triggered seismicity, which implies clustered seismic events with a low probability of being independent. Notably, the most significant seismic events, indicated by the two red stars, are the ones occurring on 18/12/2013 (ML 3.62) and 22/12/2013 (ML 3.80) in the Gubbio area.