Table 1 Information for the long-lasting cold periods

Temperature ranking	Name cold period	Period	Nr. eruptions > Pinatubo	Most prominent eruptions Tropical/NH ExtratropicalLargest
6	7.6 ka event	5637–5437 BCE	20	5635, 5624 (Mt. Mazama), 5534, 5465 BCE
4	6.6 ka event	4718–4518 BCE	19	4715, 4604, 4565, 4535 BCE
2	6.4 ka event	4503–4303 BCE	26	4502, 4378, 4364, 4335 BCE
1	5.9 ka event	3995–3795 BCE	23	3971, 3965, 3941, 3836 BCE
9	5.1 ka event	3270–3070 BCE	20	3206, 3178, 3152, 3120 BCE
7	3.6 ka event	1683–1483 BCE	22	1681, 1654, 1628 (Aniachak II), 1562 BCE
8	2.6 ka event	754–554 BCE	15	723, 648, 605, 582, 571 BCE
11	2.4 ka event	429–229 BCE	17	426, 393, 249 BCE
10	2.1 ka event	228–28 BCE	22	172, 144, 139, 43 (Okmok) BCE
3	LALIA	520–720 CE	23	536, 540, 573, 626, 681 CE
5	LIA	1640–1840 CE	21	1783 (Laki), 1809, 1815 (Tambora), 1831/35 (Cosiguina) CE

Ranking of the 200-year running mean cold periods (significant on a 2 σ level), the timing of the long-lasting cold periods, the number of eruptions larger than Pinatubo that occurred during these periods, and the most prominent volcanic eruptions that occurred during the respective cold period. The largest eruption for each cold period is underlined, and NH extratropical eruptions are given in italic. Alternative names for cold periods at or around the timing of the cold periods in our simulations can be found in Table S1.

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