Fig. 3: Altiplano precipitation reconstruction and related statistics.

a DJFM precipitation reconstruction for the period 1700–2013 based on Polylepis tarapacana tree-ring δ18O. The purple and pink dashed lines represent the median of the reconstruction and instrumental series, respectively, and the grey shading depicts the 95% confidence interval for the 38 leave-10-out models. b Observed and reconstructed precipitation for the calibration-validation period 1961–2007 and the r-squared between the two time series. c Summary of reconstruction calibration-validation statistics for the 38 models: calibration r-squared (CRSQ); validation r-squared (VRSQ); validation reduction of error (VRE) and verification coefficient of efficiency (VCE). Each box describes the median (thick line), and the 25th and 75th percentiles of the data; and whiskers correspond to ±1.5 of the interquantile range.