Fig. 3: Reservoir unregulated outflow hypothesis test and storage change simulation.
From: Pre-failure operational anomalies of the Kakhovka Dam revealed by satellite data
a Non-regulated outflow hypothesis test metrics, measured by the coefficient of determination. The upper subplot presents the boxplot of metrics for 2017–2022, while the lower subplot depicts the same for 2022–2023. The start date for all tests is November 11, with end dates indicated on the x axis. b Storage change and outflow simulation for the period from November 2022 to June 2023. \(\bigtriangleup {V}_{{balance}}\) and \(\bigtriangleup {V}_{{HA}}\) represent the simulated and remotely sensed storage change of the Dnipro cascade, respectively, while \(\bigtriangleup {V}_{{upstream}}\) corresponds to the remotely sensed storage change for five upstream reservoirs. On 2023-04-22, the estimated outflow exceeded the design capacity of the spillway that was activated. Refer to “Methods” for further details.
