Fig. 4: Quantifying the contribution of strong winds to the dune movement of the global barchan sand sea.

a Locations of typical barchan fields (L1–L3). b–d Dune morphology, wind roses, and the distributions of sand flux direction for L1, L2, and L3. e Significant linear correlation between the ratio of cumulative sand flux to dune height (Q/H) and the measured dune migration distance (D). f The contribution rate of different levels of wind speed to the migration distance of barchans during different periods for L1. g The migration distance caused by different dunes with different wind speeds in a specific period for L1.