Fig. 2: Relative annual mean change factor in atmospheric composition from a nearby supernova.
From: Earth’s atmosphere protects the biosphere from nearby supernovae
Top: relative change of (a) NOx (NO + NO2), (b) HOx (OH + HO2), and (c) O3. The dashed line shows the mean tropopause height. Bottom: relative increase factor of (d) bisulfate ions (\({{{{{\mathrm{HSO}}}}}}_{4}^{-}\)), (e) new particle formation rates (>1.7 nm), and (f) total aerosol concentrations, due to a 100-fold increase in GCR intensity from a nearby supernova.
