Table 1 Mineral presence in bulk soil, soil clay-size fraction, and parent material determined by oriented and randomly oriented XRD pattern analysis

Sampling site	Bulk soil (<2 mm)^a	Clay fraction (<2 µm)^a
Klamath Mountains
Eunice Bluff	A, C, G, O, P, Q, S, Ta	A, C, G, P, Q, S, Ta
Eunice Bluff parent material	A, C, En, Mg, O, S
Deadfall Lake	A, C, O, P, S, Ta	A, C, G, P, Q, S, Ta
Deadfall Lake parent material	A, B, C, P, S, Ta
Swift Creek Late	A, C, P, Q, S, Ta	A, C, G, P, Q, S, Ta
Swift Creek Late parent material	O, S
Swift Creek Middle	A, C, P, Q, S, Ta	A, C, G, Q, S, Sm, Ta
Swift Creek Middle parent material	O, S
String Bean Creek	Mg, P, Q, S, Sm	G, P, Q, S, Sm
String Bean Creek parent material	O, S
Tablelands
Devil’s Punchbowl	C, O, Q, S, Ta	C, G, Q, S
Winterhouse Gulch Canyon	C, O, Q, S, Ta	G, Q, S
Winterhouse Gulch Mouth	C, O, Q, S, Ta	G, Q, S
Trout River Gulch	C, O, Q, S, Ta	G, Q, S
Tablelands parent material	C, Mg, O, S, Ta
Pickhandle Gulch
Summit	C, Ca, M, P, Q, S, Sm	C, Ca, M, P, Q, S, Sm, Ta
Footslope 1	C, Ca, M, P, Q, S, Sm	C, Ca, M, P, Q, S, Sm, Ta
Footslope 2	C, Ca, M, P, Q, S, Sm	C, Ca, M, P, Q, S, Sm, Ta
Pickhandle Gulch Parent Material	C, Mg, S

A amphibole, B biotite, Ca calcite, C chlorite, E enstatite, G goethite, Mg magnetite, M muscovite, O olivine, P plagioclase, Q quartz, S serpentine minerals^c, Sm smectites^b, Ta Talc.
^aBulk soil and oriented mount clay-size analysis utilized a Cu Kα instrument. Randomly oriented clay-size analyses utilized a Co Kα instrument. Figures demonstrating phase identification in XRD patterns can be found in supplementary information section S4.
^bDifferentiation between phyllosillicate phases and confirmation of the presence or absence of smectites was confirmed for all soils by oriented mount analysis (Section S4 in supplementary information).
^cDifferentiation of serpentine polymorphs within XRD patterns is given in supplementary information section S4, and individual serpentine minerals based on that identification were used within Rietveld refinements (supplementary information section S5).

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